Nutrient pollution is a widespread, costly and challenging environmental problem. When too many nutrients, mainly nitrogen and phosphorus, enter our waterbodies they cause excessive algal growth, which can have negative impacts on aquatic ecosystems and produce toxins that can harm people, animals and aquatic life.
Representatives from state agricultural, environmental and natural resource organizations formed a committee to develop recommendations for reducing nutrient loads to surface water and groundwater in Missouri. The resulting Missouri Nutrient Loss Reduction Strategy recommends actions and prioritizes nutrient reduction throughout the state.
Existing wastewater treatment facilities can reduce nutrient pollution by optimizing their process. Success of any optimization plan depends a great deal on the engagement level of the operators for the optimization project, the support provided at the facility’s management level, the equipment available for and frequency of additional in-plant testing, etc. Operators should be authorized to make operational changes based on an optimization plan.
In This Section:
Optimization Strategy
The key to any optimization is understanding the science of biological nitrogen and phosphorus removal and creating the optimal environment for these processes to occur. Biological nitrogen removal requires three steps:
- Converting Organic-Nitrogen to Ammonia-Nitrogen
- Converting Ammonia-Nitrogen to Nitrate-Nitrogen
- Converting Nitrate-Nitrogen to Nitrogen Gas
Enhanced biological phosphorus removal is comprised of three steps:
- Creating volatile fatty acids (VFAs)
- Energizing phosphorus removing microbes (PAOs - Phosphate Accumulating Organisms) as they consume VFAs
- PAO growth and multiplication
First you must understand where these environments are, or can be created, within your wastewater treatment facility. Developing a nutrient optimization strategy can include simple operational or structural changes with minimal capital cost. There is no “one-size fits all” solution but many ways to optimize wastewater treatment to improve nutrient removal.
Project Results
Missouri Municipal Wastewater Nutrient Optimization Pilot Project
As the steward of Missouri's Nutrient Loss Reduction Strategy, the department's Water Protection Program implemented the Missouri Municipal Wastewater Nutrient Optimization Pilot Project. This project included implementing and evaluating nutrient optimization plans at eight participating municipal wastewater treatment facilities over one year. The strategies were intended to optimize operational and maintenance practices at the wastewater treatment facilities to reduce nutrient loads without requiring large capital expenses. Case studies and strategies implemented through the pilot project can be found in the following reports:
- Missouri Municipal Nutrient Optimization Pilot Project Final Report
- Nutrient Optimization Pilot Project Case Studies
- Final Monthly Reports
- Final Quarterly Reports
The contractors for the pilot project used empirical methods to modify operations at each facility. No special computer modeling was needed, though modeling can also be used. The trial-and-error approach, along with an understanding of how each facility operated, quickly resulted in significant nutrient reductions and energy savings at some of the facilities. However, all facilities were able to see some reductions in nutrients during the project.
This project demonstrated the potential value of nutrient optimization. When operators are able to successfully implement biological nutrient removal principles and reduce aeration to only what is needed, nutrient concentrations in the effluent can be greatly reduced. Facilities can also save money, often quickly recovering any initial expenses for the recommended monitoring equipment. In addition, nutrient optimization may allow facilities to participate in a nutrient trading program.
The department encourages voluntary implementation of nutrient optimization principles to both reduce nutrient discharges and save energy.
General Resources
- National Study of Nutrient Removal - Fact Sheets - EPA
- Case Studies on Implementing Low-Cost Modifications to Improve Nutrient Reduction at Wastewater Treatment Plants - EPA
- Optimize Your Wastewater Treatment Plant: Save Energy and Reduce Nutrient Discharge - EPA
- Optimizing Nutrient Reduction in Small Wastewater Treatment Plants - EPA
- Optimizing Nutrient Removal in Activated Sludge Wastewater Treatment Plants - EPA
- Optimizing Nutrient Removal in Oxidation Ditches - EPA
- Optimizing Nutrient Removal in Sequencing Batch Reactors - EPA
- Optimizing Performance of Facultative Wastewater Lagoon Systems - Part 1 - EPA
- Optimizing Performance of Aerated Wastewater Lagoon Systems - Part 2 - EPA
- Watershed Academy Webcast: Case Studies on Implementing Low-Cost Modifications to Improve Nutrient Reduction at Wastewater Treatment Plants - EPA
- Side Stream Nutrient Removal - Wastewater Technology Fact Sheet - EPA
- Municipal Nutrient Removal Technologies Reference Document - EPA
- Biological Nutrient Removal Processes and Costs - EPA
- Guidelines for Optimizing Nutrient Removal Plant Performance - The Water Research Foundation
State Resources
- Nutrient Optimization in Wastewater Treatment - Wichita State University
- Wastewater Nutrient Optimization - University of Minnesota
- A Wastewater Plant Operator’s Guide to Better Treatment for Nitrogen and Phosphorus - University of Minnesota
- Pond Systems Nutrient Removal - Minnesota Rural Water Association
- Wastewater Treatment Facility (WWTF) Optimization for Phosphorus Removal - Minnesota Pollution Control Agency
- Optimizing Biological Phosphorus Removal in Minnesota - EPA
- Guidance for Implementation of Wisconsin’s Phosphorus Water Quality Standards for Point Source Discharges - Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources (Download)
- Phosphorus Operational Evaluation and Optimization Report Worksheet - Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources
- Low Cost Nutrient Removal in Montana - The Water Planet Co.
- Pilot Partnership for Optimization Pays Off - Clean Water Professionals of Kentucky and Tennessee
- WWTP Optimization - Kentucky Energy and Environment Cabinet
- Tennessee Plant Optimization Program (TNPOP) Professional Training Materials - Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation
- Final Report: Wastewater Nutrient Optimization Project - Tennessee State Government
- Final Report - Low Cost Retrofits for Nitrogen Removal at Wastewater Treatment Plants in the Upper Long Island Sound Watershed - Long Island Sound Study
- Potential Nutrient Reduction by Treatment Optimization and Treatment Upgrades: Scoping and Evaluation Plan - Bay Area Clean Water Agencies
- Nutrient Reduction Study - Bay Area Clean Water Agencies
- Technical White Paper: Municipal Nutrient Removal Plant Operations - EA Engineering, Science, and Technology Inc., PBC
- Options for Improved Nutrient Removal and Recovery from Municipal Wastewater in the Canadian Context - Canadian Water Network
- Nutrient Loading and Removal Optimization Study - City of Santa Fe, New Mexico
- Nitrogen & Phosphorus Removal at the Cookville, Crossville, and Livingston Wastewater Treatment Plants - The Water Planet Co.
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Contact Information
Water Protection Program
Division of Environmental Quality
P.O. Box 176
Jefferson City, MO 65102-0176
United States